Fig. 6
From: DTrace: fine-grained and efficient data integrity checking with hardware instruction tracing
Cycles of the primitives. Each bar is brokendown to show the cycles spent in each step. instrumentation: the cycles of executing the instructions of the primitives running in user-mode. tracing: the time that Intel PT writes packets to memory. decoding: the time for the Trace Analyzer to decode packets for the event. checking: the time cost of remembering a stored value or checking a loaded value