TKCA: a timely keystroke-based continuous user authentication with short keystroke sequence in uncontrolled settings

Cybersecurity

Table 7 The comparison of TKCA with previous KCA algorithms

Study	Method	Realized by	Sample Size	EER
(Gunetti and Picardi 2005)	‘R’ Distance	(Huang et al. 2017)	1,000	10.36%
	‘A’ Distance
(Çeker and Upadhyaya 2016)	One-class SVM	(Huang et al. 2017)	1,000	15.67%
(Huang et al. 2017)	KDE	(Huang et al. 2017)	1,000	7.59%
(Alshehri et al. 2017)	DTW	This work	125	45.25%
(Ayotte et al. 2019)	KDE,	(Ayotte et al. 2019)	100,	35.1%,
	KS,		200,	15.3%,
	Energy		500,	6.3%,
			1,000	3.6%
(Xiaofeng et al. 2019)	CNN, RNN	This work	70	20.46%
TKCA	Embedding,	This work	30,	8.28%,
	Bi-LSTM,		70,	5.05%,
	Attention		90,	4.30%,
			190,	2.78%,
			490,	1.46%,
			990	0.85%