Table 1 Summary of IEC 61499-based security solutions

Sierla et al. (2014)

Security risk

analysis

Electric grid

FLISR (simulated)

Network

(MODBUS

and DNP3)

Matlab;

simulink.

DoS;

attempted break-ins;

message spoofing.

N.A.

Tanveer et al. (2018)

Encryption of

data communications

PLC in ICS

lab testbed

(raspberry Pi)

Network

(TCP and UDP)

AES;

KE.

N.A.

2–10 ms latency of

encryption process

Tanveer et al. (2019)

Rule-based IDS

PLC in ICS

Lab testbed

(Wago PFC200 PLCs)

Network

(TCP and UDP)

Snort;

hping3.

DoS/DDoS;

Masquerade;

flooding.

Packets drop

(N.A. results)

Dowdeswell et al. (2020a, 2020b)

MAS-based

fault diagnostic

CPPS

Sensor

(Temperature)

GORITE;

SysML.

Sensor fault;

software fault;

actuator electrical and

mechanical faults.

Performance and timeliness

(N.A. results)

Tanveer et al. (2021)

Secure links

(protection of communications)

PLC in ICS

lab testbed

(Wago PFC200 PLCs)

Network

(TCP and UDP)

TLS;

AEAD;

KE;

TORUS.

N.A.

2–5 ms latency of AEAD;

370–500 ms latency of KE;

MI = 75.68;

\(S*\) = 23.8;

\(DC*\) = 20.6;

\(C*\) = 44.4.

Proposed approach

A-HIDS

CPPS

lab testbed

(raspberry Pi)

Network

(OPC UA)

iDCA;

DINASORE;

pyshark;

river.

DoS;

MITM;

message spoofing.

30% CPU;

50% RAM;

300 KB/s network I/O;

0.1% packet drop;

MI = 100.12;

\(S*\) = 16;

\(DC*\) = 0.65;

\(C*\) = 16.65.