Fig. 11From: LayerCFL: an efficient federated learning with layer-wised clusteringVisualize the various methods to maintain the amount of \(Gap > 0\) in different data volume environments. \(\Delta \cos {}\), \(\cos {}^p\) and \(\Delta \cos {}^p\) stand for the distance defined by Eqs. (6), (25), and (26)Back to article page