Fig. 6From: LayerCFL: an efficient federated learning with layer-wised clusteringVisualize the rounds of \(Gap > 0\) achieved by each method under different data volume environments. \(\Delta \cos {}\), \(l_2^p\), \(\Delta l_2^p\), \(\cos {}^p\) and \(\Delta \cos {}^p\) stand for the distance defined by Eqs. (6), (23), (24), (25), and (26). \(\Delta \cos {}\) is FMTL and \(l_2^p\) is AdaCFLBack to article page