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Table 5 Reconstruction error and threshold

From: Quantized autoencoder (QAE) intrusion detection system for anomaly detection in resource-constrained IoT devices using RT-IoT2022 dataset

Dataset

Features

Reconstruction error

Threshold

ThingSpeak-LED

bwd_pkts_payload.avg, flow_pkts_payload.avg, 

bwd_iat.avg, flow_iat.max, bwd_init_window_size

0.1

0.02

MQTT-Temp

id.orig_p, idle.avg, idle.std, 

fwd_last_window_size

0.4

0.06

Amazon-Alexa

id.orig_p, id.resp_p, down_up_ratio,  

fwd_header_size_max,flow_ECE_flag_count,  

fwd_pkts_payload.std,bwd_pkts_payload.std

0.9

0.06

Wipro-Bulb  

flow_RST_flag_count, fwd_pkts_payload.avg,

bwd_pkts_payload.max, bwd_pkts_payload.avg,

bwd_pkts_payload.std,flow_pkts_payload.max,

flow_pkts_payload.avg, flow_pkts_payload.std,

flow_iat.std,payload_bytes_per_second,

fwd_subflow_bytes,bwd_subflow_bytes

0.1

0.04

Final RT-IOT2022

All above features

–

0.02