Table 1 IoT layers and security issues

Perception

The perception layer represents the physical IoT devices like health monitors, security systems, smart home devices, autonomous vehicles and robotics-related devices

Eavesdropping

Fake/malicious nodes

Node capturing/Jamming

Replay attacks

Timing related attacks

Social engineering attacks

Transport

This layer is responsible for sending the collected data to either the cloud or edge device for further processing. It relies on internet gateways for moving data from the perception layer for onward processing

Denial of service (DoS) attacks

Main-in-the-middle (MiTM) attacks

Storage related attacks

Exploitation attacks

RPL attacks

Processing

Once the data reaches the cloud or edge device the server transforms this data into information. Modern IoT architectures use ML and AI for data processing and analysis

Malware-related attacks

Exhaustion attacks

Resource depletion attacks

Application

At this layer the Network administrators manage IoT device orchestration, create rule sets, and set service-level agreements for their IoT architecture

Cross site scripting (XSS) attacks

Malicious code attacks

Network disturbance

Data loss

Code Injection

Buffer overflow attacks

Phishing attacks

Side-channel attacks

Business

At this layer, information is transformed into business intelligence that drives decision-making by executives and stakeholders

Business logic-related attacks

Zero-day attacks